Objective To observe the expression of cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) and p25 in the pathogenesis of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in Royal College of Surgeon (RCS) rats and its relationships with apoptosis. To explore the mechanism of Cdk5 and p25 induced photoreceptor apoptosis in the pathogenesis of RP. Methods Retinas of RCS and RCS-rdy+ rats were obtained at the ages of postnatal day 17, 25, 35, 60. The retinal structure and thickness of outer nuclear layer were measured by optical microscopy. The expression of Cdk5, p25, cleave-caspase 3 in the retina was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The protein expression of cleave-caspase 3 in the retina was determined by Western blot. The apoptosis of retinal cells was examined by terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL). The mean absorbance value of apoptotic cells was analyzed by SPSS 17.0 software. Results The retinal thickness of the RCS rats was significantly reduced in comparison to the RCS-rdy+ rats as the postnatal days progressed, particularly in the layer of rods and cones and the outer nuclear layer. The expression level of Cdk5, p25, cleave-caspase 3 of RCS rats increased from postnatal 17 days to postnatal 35 days, while decreased on postnatal 60 days; but there was no obvious change of above indexes in RCS-rdy+ rats. The protein expression of cleave-caspase 3 in the RCS rats was significantly increased with progression of postnatal days to postnatal 35; but there was no obvious similar change in RCS-rdy+ rats. The results of TUNEL showed that the apoptotic cells significantly increased in the outer nuclear layer of RCS rats from postnatal 17 days to postnatal 35 days, while decreased on postnatal 60 days; but there was no obvious change of above index in RCS-rdy+ rats. This study showed that there were significant correlations between the following variables: Cdk5 expression and p25 expression, Cdk5 expression and cleave-caspase 3 expression, Cdk5 expression and apoptotic cells, p25 expression and cleave-caspase 3 expression, p25 expression and apoptotic cells, cleave-caspase 3 expression and apoptotic cells. The partial correlation coefficients were 0.949, 0.808, 0.959, 0.887, 0.979, 0.852, respectively and the P value was 0.000. Conclusions The apoptotic cells significantly increases and the expression level of Cdk5, p25, cleave-caspase 3 of RCS rats increases from postnatal 17 days to postnatal 35 days. The tendency of apoptotic cells to increase is consistent with the change of Cdk5, p25, cleave-caspase 3 expression. The apoptosis of photoreceptor cells is related to increasing expression of Cdk5 and p25 in RCS rats. Cdk5 may be involved in the development of RP in RCS rats.
Objective To observe the characteristics of fundus autofluorescence (AF) in short wavelength AF (SW-AF) and Near Infrared AF (NIR-AF), and their relationship with visual fields. Methods Twelve patients (24 eyes) with primary RP were enrolled in this study. The patients included nine males (18 eyes) and three females (six eyes). The patients aged from 15 to 69 years, with a mean age of (35.33plusmn;15.03) years. All the patients were examined for color photography, SW-AF, NIR-AF, visual fields and optical coherence tomography examination. Results There were hyper-AF ring of varying sizes in posterior pole by SW-AF and NIR-AF examinations. The area of hypo-AF which located in SW-AF hyper-AF ring had a positive correlation with the area of hyper-AF in the NIR-AF (r=0.662，P＜0.05). OCT showed that outside the hyper-AF ring, there were disconnected inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS) junction and external limiting membrane, and thinned outer nuclear layer and retinal pigment epithelium. Peripheral retinal osteocytes-like pigmentation showed non fluorescence in SW-AF and NIR-AF. The plaque-like area showed mottled and low fluorescence examined by SW-AF. SW-AF hyper-AF ring had a positive correlation with visual fields (r=0.492，P＜0.05). Conclusions The area of hypo-AF inside of the SW-AF hyper-AF ring is related to visual fields in RP patients. The retinal structures in the hypo-AF area inside of the SW-AF hyper-AF ring, and in the NIR-AF hyper-AF region are normal.
Objective To investigate the feasibility of gene transfection into retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and photoreceptors (PRs) in vivo electroporation. Methods A total of 147 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 V group according to different voltage. The right eyes of rats underwent the injection of eukaryotic expressive plasmid of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) pEGFP-N1 into subretinal space as experimental eyes; the left eyes were injected with TE buffer as control eyes. Each group was divided into RPE and RP subgroups according to different transfection direction. There were same parameters of 99 ms pulse width, 0.5 s pulse interval and 5 consecutive pulses except different voltage in groups. With a negative charge in the electric field was transfected into RPE cell layer, reverse electrode set to be transfected into PR cell layer. Retina mounts were made on seven days after transfection and the fluorescence of EGFP was photographed by fluorescent microscope. The expression of EGFP mRNA and protein were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique (RT-PCR) and Western blot.Results On seven days after transfection, in RPE subgroups, there were no specific fluorescence expressions in RPE cell layer and retina mounts of control eyes, while there were fluorescence expressions in experimental eyes. Western blot showed that the grayscale ratio of EGFP protein and beta;actin protein bands rose with the increased voltage. RT-PCR showed that each group produced positive amplification bands, and the relative ratio of gray level of EGFP mRNA and GADPH mRNA amplified bands gradually increased with the increased voltage.Conclusion Electroporation is an effective method for gene delivery into RPE cells in vivo.
Objective To observe the mutifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) characteristics of rod and cone cells in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and to evaluate the function of photosensory cell.Methods The mfERG recording technique for rod cell in eight normal subjects (eight eyes) were established and the influence of different brightness lightstimulus in P1 wave amplitude were analyzed. The cone and rod cells mfERG of 38 eyes in 19 patients were recorded and then calculated positive ratio from local signalnoise ratio. The average visual acuity and P1 wave amplitude density of cone mfERG in different types were compared and statistically analyzed. Meanwhile, the changes in P1 wave amplitude of cone and rod mfERG in four quadrants also compared and analyzed. Results Rod cell mfERG in normal subjects can be recorded stably by using blue flashes with low light intensity as 0.04 cd/m2. In patients with RP, the cone and rod cells mfERG can be detectd 65.79% and 10.51% respectively. P1 wave amplitude density in type I of cone cell mfERG was significantly higher than that in type II (t=5.21,P=0.000). There were no differences in average visual acuity (t=1.15, P=0.612). P1 wave amplitude density in type I was negatively related to logMAR visual acuity （r=-0.48，P=0.04）.The comparison of rod and cone cells mfERG in local wave characteristics showed that P1 wave amplitude densities had spatial relationship in each area. Conclusions The results suggested highly variable central responses in cone cell in RP patients, higher positive recorded ratio in cone cell than rod cell and spatial correspondence between the function of reserved cone and rod cells.
Objective To observe the effect of Minocycline on RP process of retinal pigmentary degeneration rd mice［C3H/HeN (Pde6brd-/rd-)］. Methods 40 rd mice were divided into ten groups randomly: 5 experimental groups and 5 control groups, 4 rd mice in each group. The experimental group received intraperitoneal injection of minocycline 22.5mg/kg while the control group received saline 10ml/kg every day from the postnatal day 1 (P1) . Mice were sacrificed at P1, P7, P14, P21 and P28 respectively. Eyeballs were enucleated to carry out histology observation and apoptosis cell detection. Meanwhile, to statistically analyze the number of retinal photoreceptor cells,the thickness of outer nuclear layer (ONL)and the number of apoptosis cells. Results （1）Photoreceptor cell began to apoptosis on P7, peaked on P14, and totally disappeared on P28. （2）No statistically significant differences were found of the number of photoreceptor cells and the thickness of ONL on P7 between the experimental group and the control group. (3) The number of photoreceptor cells and the thickness of ONL in the experimental were more than that in the control group at P14, P21, P28 respectively, the differences are statistically significant（Plt;0.05）. (4) The apoptotic cells on ONL were less in the experimental group than that in the control group on P7 and P14 respectively, the difference are statistically significant（Plt;0.05）. Conclusions Minocycline appears to protect photoreceptor cell from apoptosis in the early stage of the retinal degeneration mice, but it may not completely prevent RP from occurrence.
Objective:To observe the intervention effect of the tetra methylpyraz ine on the rds mice with retinitis pigmentosa. Methods:A total of 84 rds mice were randomly divided into 2 groups, with 42 mice in each group. The mice in the experimental group underwent intraperitoneal cavity injection with hydrochlor i c tetramethylpyrazine (80 mg/kg, twice per day) at the date of birth and till 35 days after birth, whereas the normal saline was injected into the intraperito n eal cavity of rats in the control group. The mice were sacrificed 0, 3, 7, 14, 2 1, 28, 35 days after birth, and the eyeballs were enucleated for the routine pat hologic examination with the light microscope. The apoptosis of photoreceptor ce ll nuclei was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferasemediated dUTP n i ck endlabeling (TUNEL) technigue and the expression of bcl2 in retina was de tect by immunohistochemistry method. Results:The results of li ght microscopy s howed that the layer number of retinal photoreceptor cell nuclei with tetramethy lpyrazine treatment was increased 14, 21, 28, 35 days after the treatment compar ed with that in the control group（P＜0.01）. The results of electron-micro scope suggested that tetramethylpyrazine might reduce lesions in the photoreceptor cells and the destruction of the disc member, mitochondrion，and outer limiting me mbrane in the photoreceptor outer segment in rds mice. The apoptosis of the phot oreceptor cell nuclei reduced in rds mice 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after the treatment compared with that in the control group （P＜0.01）. The express ion of bcl-2 in the matrix of retinal photoreceptor cell nuclei and its inner and o u ter segments increased significantly in rds mice 3，7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days af ter the treatment （P＜0.05）. Conclusions:Tetramethylpyra zine might reduce ret inal photoreceptor apoptosis by upregulating the expression of bcl-2 in the m at rix of retinal photoreceptor cell nuclei or its inner and outer segments in rds mice.
Objective To detect characteristics and the pathogenesis of rhodopsin (RHO) gene mutation in an inbreeding family with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (ARRP). Methods Peripheral venous blood 5-8 ml was abstracted from 8 members in the inbreeding ARRP family and 10 control individuals. DNA gene group was picked. Extron 1-5 of RHO gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)，and the mutation of RHO gene was screened by direct DNA sequence measurement. Results The Gln-344-Arg mutation in the RHO gene was detected in 3 patients with ARRP and homozygotes of the mutation in 3 patients were found. Heterozygous of the mutation was detected in the parent of patients and 1 healthy family member. No mutation of RHO gene was found in 2 healthy family members and 10 control individuals. Conclusions The Gln-344-Arg mutation in the RHO gene may be the pathogenic factor of the ARRP family; the frequency of the mutation of RHO gene may increase in the in breeding ARRP family.(Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis，2004，20：145-148)
Objective To detect and analyse the mutations in rhodopsin gene of members in a family affected by autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP). Methods Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we amplified exon 1-5 of rhodopsin gene in patients with ADRP,and analyzed it with direct sequence measuement. Results The Gly-182-Asp mutation in the rhodopsin gene was detected in most of affected members of this ADRP family, but no mutation was detected in two affected members and the control ones. Conclusion We cannot regard the Gly-182-Asp mutation in the rhodopsin gene as the pathagenic factor of the ADRP family. It is likely there is a new gene next to the rhodopsin gene. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2002, 18: 256-258)
Objective To investigate the cilinical value of indocyanine green angiography(ICGA) in patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome(VKH). Methods Fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA) and indocyanine green angiography(ICGA) were used for comparative analyses in 26 cases(52 eyes)of VKH. Results In the acute stage of VKH,FFA revealed the multifocal leakage in the pigment epithelium and the multifocal serous retinal detachment,and the typical FFA manifestations disappeard following treatment．In the acute stage of the disease the ICGA showed:(1)numerous patchy areas of hypofluorescence and decreased flurescence in large and middle choroidal vessels(66.7%);(2)dilatation of the choroidal vessels(70.8%)and(3)in latephase of ICGA,the patchy areas of hyperfluorescence(79.2%).During the recovery stage of the disease,the abnormal undings in ICGA were resolved slower than those found in FFA. Conclusions ICGA may assist in providing valuable informations on choroidal circulation of VKH and be useful in evaluating the curative effects． (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,20000,16:9-11)
Objective To investigate whether mutations exist in codon 58 and codon 347 of the rhodopsin gene in patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa(ADRP)． Methods Point mutations at codons 58 and 347 were detected by restriction endonuclease digestion of exons 1 and 5 amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)．This method was applied to screen genomic DNAs from 57 patients of 38 families with ADRP and 60 normal controls． Results Four patients from one family of ADRP were confirmed to have a point mutation at the second nucleotide of codon 58,and 6 patients from two families of ADRP were found to have a mutation at codon 347．None of these mutations were found in 60 normal subjects． Conclusion It is suggested that molecular genetic heterogeneity exists within ADRP and some subtypes of ADRP are caused by points mutations of the rhodopsin gene． (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1998,14:108-110)